Various Random important facts

HIGH YIELD FACTS

I prepared this notes for last minute preparation. But i can't study this in last minute due to stress. Friends, Read this and give your opinion. (caution: Various random important facts are given. There is no continuity)

Iodized salt:

Specific protection

production level 30 ppm

consumer level 15 ppm KI NaI

Neonatal Hypothyroidism - checking efficacy

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Lepromin test is a prognostic test. Positive in Tuberculoid leprosy. Indicates immunity.

Shick test positive in persons who are susceptible to Diphteria. Vaccination needed.

Louse	PERT	Pediculosis, Epidemic typhus, Relapsing fever, Trench fever
Sandfly	KOSO	kala-azar, oriental sore, sandfly fever, oraya fever
Trombiculoid mite	RST	Ricketsial pox scrub typhus
Soft tick	QRS	Q fever (Extra-human host) Relapsing fever
In Humans, Q fever is transmitted by aerosols.
Flea	BECH	Bubonic plague, Endemic typhus, Chiggarosis, Hymanlepis dimunata
Reduvid bug		chagas disease

Propogative		Plague bacilli
Cyclopropogative	CP M	Malaria
Cyclodevelopmental		Filaria, Draganculosis

C- ANCA	Proteinase 3	Wegener's
P – ANCA	Myeloperoxidase	Charg straus

Universal blue circle is the symbol of Diabetes

Androgens are19 carbon steroids. Estrogens are 18 carbon steroids. In males, estrogen is produced in testis and adipose tissue.

Leydig cells have receptors for LH & with cholesterol desmolase enzyme they secrete androgens.

Sertoli cell has have receptor for FSH & Testosterone.

CEA is a marker of Paget’s disease of breast.

Brown sequard syndrome:

Ipsilateral pyramidal (crossed in medulla) & post., column (will cross) involvement.

Contralateral spinothalamic tract (already crossed) involvement.

Shock and DIC are not common in bacteroides bacteremia.

CNS is not involved in botulism.

There is no person to person transmission in brucella.

Trichrome methylene blue is used to demonstrate McFadyean’s reaction which is characteristic of Bacillus anthracis.

Legionella grows only in special media like Charcol Yeast Extract Medium

V. cholera 0139 does not synthesise O1 Lipopolysaccharide

Glycerol kinase is not involved in the triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue.

Mercury will affect PCT of Kidney.

Burtonian line is seen with lead.

Mees line is seen with arsenic.

Cremasteric artery is a branch of inf., epigastric artery.

Artery to vas is a branch of sup., vesical artery.

Thiazide diuretics are good for stone bad for DM.

Type I Muscle fibers (slow twitch)	Type II Muscle fibers (fast twitch)
Oxidative, Red (more mitochondria) fibres	Glycolytic, white fibres
Slow fatigue	Fast fatigue
TCA cycle	Anaerobic glycolysis
Low diameter, slow myosine ATPase activity	High
Back (postural) muscles ---- Marathon runners ----------	Extraocular muscles ---------- sprinters (100m run)-------

NEVER GIVE, b - blockers or afterload reducers (vasodilators & ACEinhibitors) to AS patients. b agonist to HOCM & MS patients.

Delayed continous vascular permeability – Direct endothelial injury (radiatin, toxins)

Other types of Hodgkins	Lymphocyte prodominant type (Distinct variety)
RS giant cells: CD 15+ CD30+ CD 45 -ve	B cell immunophenotype – CD 20+ve CD 15&30 -VE

TTC staining (Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride) in MI

Normal tissue with dehydrogenase enzyme stains brick red

Infarcted tissue – unstained

Ischemic Reperfusion Injury

HPE – Contraction Band Necrosis ECG – Idioventricular Rhythm

Cells of parathyroid gland
Chief cell	Oxyphil cell
light to dark pink colored staining polygonal cells secreting PTH	water-clear due to glycogen, acidophilic, packed with mitochondria (High oxidation rate)
	Absent in fetus. Number increases in oldage and azotemic state.

Inherited Nephrotic Syndrome
NPHS1 (ch 19)	NPHS2 (ch 1)
Nephrin gene	Podocin gene
Congenital Finnish type nephrotic synrome	Childhood onset Steroid resistant type
Both protiens located in slit diaphragm. Inheritance : Autosomal recessive Another type => alpha actinin 4 (Podocyte actin binding protein) mutation – autosomal dominant FSGS worsening to failure.

AML (Blast >20%, Sternal tenderness )
M3 (Acute Promyelocytic leukemia)	MPO+Ve Sudanblack +ve NSE -Ve	Faggot cells, DIC, 35-40 years of age Faggot cells are Promyelocytes with multiple auer rods, contain lot of procoagulants → spilage leads to DIC
M4 (Myelomonocytic)	MPO, Sudanblack, NSE all +VE	Gum Infiltration - 18%
M5 (Monocytic)	NSE +ve MPO +Ve or -ve	Gum Infiltration is most common - 66%
M6 (erythroleukemia)	PAS +VE	Di guglielmo disease
Myelocyte-MPO, sudanblack Monocyte- NSE Erythrocyte-PAS+Ve

LE Cell is a phagocyte which engulfed the detatched nuclei (LE body/Haematoxylene body)

Granulocyte Sarcoma/ Chloroma /Myeloblastoma

Extramedullary SOLID colllection of leukemic cells in AML or Accelerated phase of CML.

Can be misdiagnosed as lymphoma.

Markers: CD 13 33 34 & CD 117 (17 34) MPO lysozymes

Ewings sarcoma – CD 99

Markers of memory cells – CD 45 RO

Mantle cell lymphoma – CD 23 -Ve

Classical Hodgkins -CD15,30 +Ve

Lymphocyte predominance type - negative

Inhibin is the marker for Granulosa cell tumors

Michaelis Gutmann bodies are calcium deposition in lysosomes, seen in malakoplakia of bladder caused by E.coli or Proteus.

Phosphatidyl serine & Thrombospondin are the 2 substances expressed by apoptotic cells enabling macrophages to clear them.

Heriditary Spherocytosis - Mutated Proteins
Ankyrin	50% mutated (MC)
Spectrin	25.00%
Band 3 – Anion transport protein	25.00%
Band 4.1 – Palladin	Rare defect
--- Glycophorin C – Receptor for plasmodium falciparum---

ALL – FAB classification
L1 L2 – Pre B cell	75.00%
L1 L2 – T cell	20.00%
L3 – B cell (Burkitt type)	5.00%

Micronodular cirrhosis (<3mm)	Macronodular (>3mm)
Chronic conditions Alcoholic cirrhosis Hemochromatosis secondary biliary cirrhosis	Acute conditions Post necrotic – toxins, autoimmune hepatitis

Paediatrics:

Development:

3 years – draws circle, 4 yrs– cross, 5- square, 6- triangle

IN IUGR infants,

Head will be bigger than chest

Due to raised ACTH, lung is matured.

Organs are shrunken.

Resomal - ORS for malnourished child

Sodium is half. (45 - 90)

Pottasium dobule.(40 - 20)

Extra glucose. (125 - 111)

Low chloride (70 - 80) & Citrate (7 -10). Low osmolarity. (300 – 311 = 90+40+111+80+10)

In addition contains, Copper, Zinc, magnesium.

Plasma osmolarity = (2 X Na) + (Glucose/18) + (BUN/2.8)